SnapShot: Antiviral Restriction Factors

SnapShot: Antiviral Restriction Factors

Restriction factors are cellular proteins that inhibit viruses at different steps of their replication cycle and represent an important first line of defense against viral pathogens. This SnapShot provides an overview of cell-intrinsic antiviral factors, describes their properties, and illustrates the striking variety of antiviral mechanisms as well the sophisticated viral countermeasures. To v...

SnapShot: Pathways of Antiviral Innate Immunity

SnapShot: Hypoxia-Inducible Factors

Molecular oxygen (O2) is a key substrate for mitochondrial ATP production and numerous intracellular biochemical reactions. The maintenance of O2 homeostasis is therefore essential for the survival of most species. During O2 deprivation, mammalian cells rely on multiple adaptations mediated by the hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs), mTOR, autophagy, and the ER stress response. This SnapShot will ...

SnapShot: Forkhead Transcription Factors II

FOXM1 (12p13.33) GLI1, doxorubicin, NRAS, fulvestrant, butyric acid, FGF7, CDKN1A, YY1, MSA, vitamin D3, TNFSF11, IL6, CDC2 CDC25B, CENPA, AURKB, CCNA2, CCNF, CENPB, BIRC5, CCNB1, CDKN1A, ESR1, ADAM17, GLB1 Controls progression into S phase; regulates genes required for mitotic entry; liver development. Reduced hepatoblast and cardiomyocyte mitosis, ventricular hypoplasia. Die perinatally. Upre...

Cellular Restriction Factors: Exploiting the Body’s Antiviral Proteins to Combat HIV-1/AIDS